Thursday, October 31, 2019

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Coursework

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - Coursework Example Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS, is a cluster of signs and symptoms that are not naturally found in the body but develop over a span of time due to a weakened immune system. It is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS develops as a result of the chronic infestation of the human body with HIV and is usually discovered with the development of advanced symptoms. Discovered in the 1980s, AIDS was considered a disease manifested solely due to homosexual activities in the world. However, since 1981, several discoveries have been made regarding the modes of transmission of the virus and how to prevent them. Nonetheless, AIDS continues to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, as it results in not only physical anguish but also social seclusion. Thus, it is necessary to know about the method and modes of transmission of this disease so as to take appropriate preventive measures. The presence of HIV is usually diagnosed in a patient based on the clinical signs and symptoms that are presented to a medical practitioner. The diagnosis can be confirmed on the basis of laboratory tests such as testing for antigens of the virus or antibodies in the blood against it. However, since laboratory tests are not available in certain remote areas of the world where AIDS is prevalent, medical practitioners rely on the clinical signs and symptoms that the patients present. Since AIDS is a syndrome, the signs and symptoms presented by patients who suffer from it tend to differ.

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Responsibilities of a paediatric first aider Essay Example for Free

Responsibilities of a paediatric first aider Essay Maintain your own safety Contact the emergency services Give accurate and useful information to the emergency services Support the casualty physically and emotionally Appreciate your own limitations Know when to intervene and when to wait for more specialist help to arrive. PEFAP 001 1.2: Describe how to minimise the risk of infection to self and others Wash your hands with soap and water before and immediately after giving first aid. If gloves are available for use in first aid situations, you should also wash your hands thoroughly before putting the gloves on and after disposing of them. (Plastic bags can be used when gloves are unavailable.) Avoid contact with body fluids when possible. Do not touch objects that may be soiled with blood or other body fluids. Be careful not to prick yourself with broken glass or any sharp objects found on or near the injured person. Prevent injuries when using, handling, cleaning or disposing of sharp instruments or devices. Cover cuts or other skin-breaks with dry and clean dressings. Chronic skin conditions may cause open sores on hands. People with these conditions should avoid direct contact with any injured person who is bleeding or has open wounds. PEFAP 001 1.3: Describe suitable first aid equipment, including personal protection and how it is used appropriately. (Print off your PPE report) All first aid boxes should have a white cross on a green background. Guidelines published by the National Association of Child Minders, NCMA, as well as Ofsted and experienced paediatric first aid trainers, recommend that the first aid box in a child care setting should contain the items listed include: 1 first aid guidance leaflet 1 large sterile wound dressing 1 pair disposable gloves 10 individually wrapped wipes 2 sterile eye pads 1 pair of scissors 1 packet hypoallergenic plasters – in assorted sizes 3 medium sterile wound dressings 2 triangular bandages 5 finger bob bandages (no applicator needed) 4 safety pins It is recommended that you do not keep tablets and medicines in the first aid box. PEFAP 001 1.4: Describe what information needs to be included in an accident report/incident record and how to record it. Details of all reportable incidents, injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences must be recorded, including: The date when the report is made The method of reporting The date, time and place of the event Personal details of those involved A brief description of the nature of the event or disease. Records can be kept in any form but must conform to data protection requirements . PEFAP 001 1.5: Define an infant and or a child for the purpose of first aid treatment. Paediatric first aid focuses on infants and children. An infant is defined as being from birth to the age of one year and a child is defined as one year of age to the onset of puberty. Children are however different sizes and a small child over the age of one may be treated as an infant. Similarly puberty can be difficult to recognise, so treat the child according to the age that you think they are, larger children should be treated with adult techniques. PEFAP 001 3.2: Describe how to continually assess and monitor an infant and a child whilst in your care. Remember your ABC and continue to monitor the infant or child in your care until you can hand over to a doctor or paramedic. A is for AIRWAY : check that the airway remains open. Always monitor a child while in recovery position. B is for BREATHING: Check that breathing is normal and regular. C is for CIRCULATION: check the pulse (if you are trained and experienced) but ensure you take no more than ten seconds to do this: (a) In a child over one  year : feel for the carotid pulse in the neck by placing your fingers in the groove between the Adam’s apple and the large muscle running from the side of the neck . (b) In an infant: feel for the brachial pulse on the inner aspect of the upper arm by lightly pressing your fingers towards the bone on the inside of the upper arm and hole them there for five seconds. PEFAP 001 4.1: Identify when to administer CPR to an unresponsive infant and a child who is not breathing normally. CPR should only be carried out when an infant or child is unresponsive and not breathing normally. If the infant or child has any signs of normal breathing, or coughing, or movement, do not begin to do chest compressions. Doing so may cause the heart to stop beating. PEFAP 001 4.3: Describe how to deal with an infant and a child who is experiencing a seizure. Witnessing a child having an epileptic seizure is a very unpleasant experience, particularly the first one. However, some young children experience what is termed a Febrile Seizure which is brought on when the child has a high temperature or infection. Recognition Stiffening of child’s body Twitching of arms and legs Loss of consciousness May wet or soil themselves May vomit or foam at the mouth Usually lasts for less than five minutes May be sleepy for up to an hour afterwards Treatment Protect them with cushioning or padding- do not hold them down. Cool them down by removing some clothing. When the seizures stop, place the child in the recovery position and monitor signs of life. If they become unresponsive or the seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes then you must call 999/112 for an ambulance. PEFAP 001 5.1: Differentiate between a mild and a severe airway obstruction. A mild airway is usually a partial obstruction, it means the entire airway is not closed off, so air is able to pass by the obstruction,  and the victim can respond and cough forcefully , or may wheeze between coughs. In a serer airway obstruction, the airway is completely blocked off and the victim cannot breathe because air cannot pass by the object. PEFAP 001 5.3: Describe the procedure to be followed after administering the treatment for choking. The child may experience difficulties after having treatment for choking-for example, a persistent cough or difficulties with swallowing or breathing. It is important to monitor and assess the child’s condition and to seek medical help if the problem persists. PEFAP 001 6.1: Describe common types of wounds. A cut (incision): This can be caused from a sharp edge, such as a tin can ,that can lead to a lot of bleeding. A torn wound (laceration): is a jagged wound that can be caused by a broken toy, a fall or collision. Graze or abrasion: cause by friction or scraping, generally happens when children fall. Bruises or contusion: is bleeding underneath the skin. The blood collects and results in a black/blue mark. Children often have bruises on their skin, chin and head from knocking themselves or falling. Soft tissue bruises should be investigated if you have a concern about them. Puncture wound: cause by the body being pierced by an object, for example , a child falling whilst carrying a pair of scissors. Velocity wound: cause by an item travelling at high speed such as a bullet from a gun. PEFAP 001 6.4: Describe how to administer first aid for minor injuries. With minor bleeding from cuts and abrasions the emphasis is on keeping the wound clean and to control any blood loss. Wear disposable gloves. Examine the injury for any embedded foreign objects. Clean the wound under fresh running water. Sit the casualty down. If they feel weak and unsteady, position them on the floor. Clean the skin around the wound with wet sterile gauze or sterile non-alcoholic wipes and carefully remove any grit or dirt. Do not remove any embedded object. Elevate the injury to control any blood loss. Dry the wound with sterile gauze and apply a plaster or sterile dressing. Advise the parent or guardian of the child or infant to seek medical attention if necessary. PEFAP 001 7.1: Describe how to recognise and manage an infant and a child who is suffering from shock. After an initial adrenaline rush, the body withdraws blood from the skin in order to maintain the vital organs – and the oxygen supply to the brain drops. The infant or child will have: Pale, cold, clammy skin that is oftern grey-blue in colour, especially around the lips A rapid pulse, becoming weaker Shallow, fast breathing. In an infant The anterior fontanelle is drawn in (depressed). In an infant or a child may show: Unusual restlessness, yawning and gasping for air Thirst Loss of consciousness The treatment is the same for an infant and a child. If possible, ask someone to call an ambulance while you stay with the child . Lay the child down, keeping her head low to improve the blood supply to the brain. Treat any obvious cause, such as severe bleeding. Raise the child’s leg and support them with pillows or on a cushion on a pile of books. Loosen any tight clothing at the neck, chest and waist to help with the child/s breathing. For an infant: hold the infant on your lap while you loosen her clothing and offer comfort and reassurance. Cover the child with a blanket or coat to keep her warm. Never use a hot-water bottle or any other direct source of heat. Reassure the child: keep talking to her and monitoring her condition while you wait for the ambulance. If the infant or child loses consciousness, open her airway, check her breathing and be prepared to give rescue breaths. Do not give the child anything to eat or drink: if she complains of thirst, just moisten her lips with water. PEFAP 001 7.2: Describe how to recognise and manage an infant and a child who is suffering from anaphylactic shock. During an anaphylactic reaction, chemicals are released into the blood that widen (dilate) blood vessels and  cause blood pressure to fall. Air passages then narrow (constrict), resulting in breathing difficulties. In addition, the tongue and throat can swell, obstructing the airway. An infant or child with anaphylactic shock will need urgent medical help as this can be fatal. The following signs and symptoms may come all at once and the child may rapidly lose consciousness: High-pitched wheezing sound Blotchy, itchy, raised rash Swollen eyelids, lips and tongue Difficulty speaking, then breathing Abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea If you suspect an infant or child is suffering from anaphylactic shock, follow the steps below: Call an ambulance. If the child has had a reaction previously, she will have medication to take in case of more attacks. This should be given as soon as the attack starts, following the instructions closely. Help the child into a comfortable sitting position to relieve any breathing problems and loosen any tight clothing at her neck and waist. Comfort and reassure her while you wait for the ambulance. If the child loses consciousness, open her airway, check her breathing and be prepared to stat rescue breaths. PEFAP 001 6.2: Describe the types and severity of bleeding and the affect it has on an infant and a child. Even tiny a mounts of blood can seem like a lot to a child. Any bleeding may frighten children because they are too young to realise that the blood loss will stop when clotting occurs. When a child loses a large amount of blood, he or she may suffer shock or even become unconscious. Platelets and proteins come into contact with the injured site and plug the wound. This process begins within ten minutes if the loss of blood is brought under control. There are different types of bleeding: Bleeding from arteries : This will pump blood from the wound in time with the heartbeat and is bright re in colour. If the bleeding from a major artery will lead to shock, unresponsiveness and death within minutes. Bleeding from veins: The bold will gush from the wound or pool at the site of the wound. This will depend on the size of the vein that has been damaged. The blood will be dark red in colour due to the oxygen being depleted. Bleeding from  capillaries: Oozing at the site as with an abrasion or maybe internally from a bruising to muscle tissue and internal organs. PEFAP 001 6.3: Demonstrate the safe and effective management for the control of minor and major external bleeding. With minor bleeding from cuts and abrasions the emphasis is on keeping the wound clean and to control any blood loss. Wear disposable gloves Examine the injury for any embedded foreign objects Clean the injured area with cold water, using cotton wool or gauze Do not attempt to pick out pieces of gravel or grit from a graze. Just clean gently and cover with a light dressing if necessary Sit the child down if they feel weak and unsteady, position them on the floor. Elevate the injury to control any bold loss Record the injury and treatment in the Accident Report Book and make sure that the parents/carers of the child are in formed. When a child is bleeding severely, your main aim is to stem the flow of blood. With severe wounds and bleeding the emphasis is on controlling blood loss and treating for shock. Wear disposable gloves Sit or lay the child down on the floor to help prevent shock Examine the injury to establish the extent of the wound and to check for any foreign embedded objects Try to stop the bleeding: Apply direct pressure to the wound: use a dressing or a non-fluffy material, such as a clean tea towel Elevate the affected part if possible: if the wound is on an arm or leg, raise the injured limb above the level of the heart Apply a dressing: if the blood soaks through, do not remove the dressing, apply another on top and so on Support the injured part and treat the child for shock. Keep them warm and do not let them have anything to eat or drink Call 999/112 for an ambulance and monitor the child’s condition Contact the child’s parents or carers If the child loses consciousness, follow the ABC procedure for resuscitation Always record the incident and the treatment given in the Accident Report  Book. Always wear disposable gloves if in an early years setting, to prevent cross-infection.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Child Education In India Education Essay

Child Education In India Education Essay Education has continued to evolve, diversify and extend its reach and coverage since the dawn of human history. Every country develops its system of education to express and promote its unique socio-cultural identity and also to meet the challenges of the times. There are moments in history when a new direction has to be given to an age-old process. That moment is today. The country has reached a stage in its economic and technical development when a major effort must be made to derive the maximum benefit from the assets already created and to ensure that the fruits of change reach all sections. Education is the highway to that goal. Issues Prevelance of Child labour: All non-school going children are child workers in one form or the other. Agricultural child labour constitutes the core of the problem. Child labour policies and education policies have to be formulated and operated in tandem. Parents do want to send their children to be educated and poverty as a limiting factor is highly over-rated. Motivation and availability of infrastructure rather than poverty are the key factors. The paper underlines the strengths of formal education in eradicating child labour and forcefully argues for a legislation to provide for compulsory education.   The main argument against child labour and compulsory education is that it is necessary for the wellbeing of the poor as the state is unable to provide relief. The second argument, is that education would make the poor unsuited for the kind of manual work that is required to be done. The third argument is that certain industries would be forced to close down if they did not have the facility of the low wage child labour. The last argument against banning child labour and enforcing compulsory education is that the State should not be allowed to interfere in the parents rights who know what is best for their children and families. Lack of Coverage: Despite the regular expansion of the ICDS, the coverage of children for ECCE is still as low as 20 percent. This is an issue of both inadequate access and inadequate quality of service delivery. With ICDS continuing to be the main vehicle for ECCE, the GOI is proposing to expand the service further and universalize it within the next few years. While this is a welcome proposal, the risk is of expanding too fast and compromising on quality. Girl Child Education: The Indian government has expressed a strong commitment towards education for all; however, India still has one of the lowest female literacy rates in Asia. In 1991, less than 40 percent of the 330 million women aged 7 and over were literate, which means today there are over 200 million illiterate women in India. Laws Relating to Child Education in India Constitutional position of education in India While considering the various aspects of education with regard to state obligation, judicial interpretations, given to this obligation by various jurists are the primary source of learning. In the good old times, education was essentially an act of charity or philanthropy. Then, it was thought of as an occupation. Judicial dicta went so far as to consider it as an industry. Whether or not to perceive education as a fundamental right or not has been debated for a long time. The establishment and the administration of an educational institution for the imparting of knowledge to students is an occupation, protected by Article 19(1) (g) and additionally by Article 26(a), if there is no element of profit generation. Imparting education has come to be a means of livelihood for some professionals. It is considered as a mission in life for some altruists. Education was a State Subject in view of the following Entry 11, placed in List II State List:- 11. Education including universities, subject to the provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I and entry 25 of List III. By the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act 1976, the above-said Entry was directed to be deleted and instead Entry 25 in List III Concurrent List, was directed to be suitably amended so as to read as under:- 25. Education, including technical education, medical education and universities, subject to the provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I; vocational and technical training of labour The Constitution of India has laid a directive before the state to make a provision of free and compulsory education for children below the age of fourteen years. 45. Provision for free and compulsory education for children: The State shall endeavor to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years. However, the government has not been successful in providing adequate facilities of education for the under privileged children, located in the rural areas. The Supreme Court in the case Unnikrishnan vs. State of Andhra Pradesh (1993) ruled that the right to education is a fundamental right that flows from the right to life in Article 21 of the Constitution. Following this ruling, the 86th Constitution Amendment Act, 2002 added Article 21A, stating, The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine. The 86th Amendment also modified Article 45, which now reads The State shall endeavor to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of 6 years. The state recently enacted the Right to Education Act, seeking to effect the 86th Constitutional amendment Judiciary and Education In the judgment of Unnikrishnan, a Constitution Bench of this Court framed a scheme that governs admissions to professional colleges. The main objective was to ensure that merit prevails in the matter of admissions, both in respect of what were called free seats as well as in respect of payment seats. This judgment was rendered on February 4, 1993. The scheme was to be effective from the Academic Year 1993-94 onwards. Review Petitions were filed by several institutions against the said judgment. They were dismissed by the Constitution Bench. The judgment of P.A. Inamdar and others vs. State of Maharashtra was a landmark in the field of educational law. Law reports are replete with rulings related to the education in its several aspects. Until the T.M.A Pai Foundation case, there were four oft- quoted leading cases concerning the field of education, namely, (i) Unni Krishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh (1993) 1 SCC 645 (ii) St. Stephens College v. University of Delhi (1992)1 SCC 558 (iii) Ahmedabad St. Xaviers College Society v. State of Gujarat (1974)1 SCC 717 and (iv) Re: Kerala Education Bill, 1957, (1958) SCR 995. Right to Education Act The Right to Education Act seeks to give effect to the 86th Amendment of the Constitution of India. Salient provisions: The State shall ensure a school in every neighbourhood Every school shall conform to certain minimum standards, defined in the Bill Government schools shall provide free education to all admitted children Private schools shall admit at least 25% of children from weaker sections; no fee shall be charged to these children Screening tests at the time of admission and capitation fees are prohibited for all children Government schools will be managed by School Management The National Commission for Elementary Education shall be constituted to monitor all aspects of elementary education including quality. The Right to Education Act prescribes the Rights of Every Child as follows: Every child between the age of 6 and 14 years has the right to full-time free and compulsory education in a neighbourhood school. Non-enrolled children, of age group 7-9 years, have the right to be admitted in an age-appropriate grade within one year of the commencement of the Act, and children, of age group 9-14 years, have the right to be provided special programmes that will enable them to attend such grade within three years. Children with severe or profound disability, who are unable to attend a neighbourhood school, have the right to be provided education in an appropriate environment. A child cannot be held back in any grade or expelled from a school till Class VIII. Any expulsion requires an order of the School Management Committee (SMC), which will be given only after all other corrective measures have been exhausted, and parents/guardians have been heard. The local authority will take steps to enroll such a child in another neighbourhood school. The Act also prescribes the responsibility of the State as follows: The State shall ensure availability of a neighbourhood school for every child within three years. In case of non-availability, free transport or free residential facilities shall be provided. The state/UT government shall determine every year the requirement of schools, facilities, and their locations; establish additional schools as required; deploy teachers and create facilities for their training. The State shall develop a mechanism to monitor enrolment, participation and attainment status of every child, and take corrective steps wherever required. Information in this regard will be made available in the public domain, including on an on-line basis. School Admissions No school can conduct any screening procedure of any child or parents at the time of admission. Children will be selected for admission in a random manner. Capitation fees are prohibited. Provisions concerning School Management: All non-government schools have to be recognized by a Competent Authority or they must shut down. The Act specifies certain norms (such as teacher-student ratio, physical infrastructure etc.) to be fulfilled by all schools as a pre-requisite for being recognized. All State and aided schools are required to form School Management Committees (SMCs) with at least 75% of the members being parents/guardians, and the other members representing teachers, the community and the local authority. SMCs will manage the school, including the sanction of leave Provisions regarding Content and Process Schools and academic authorities formulating curriculum shall conform to the values enshrined in the Constitution. Schools should operate in a child- friendly and child- centred manner. No child shall be required to appear at a public examination before completing Grade VIII. Policies and Schemes Prominent Policies in the Context of Provision of Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) in India National Nutrition Policy (1993) which recognized children below six years as high-risk groups to be given high priority. National Policy on Empowerment of Women (2001), supported provision of childcare facilities, including crà ¨ches at work places. India also ratified Convention on Rights of the Child in 1992 and reaffirmed its commitment to children, which resulted in formulation of policy framework to prepare a National Charter for Children. National Commission for Children has also been set up. The Commission as visualized would protect/safeguard the rights of children with a strong legal base. National Plan of Action for Children (2005) included universalisation of ECCE as one of the goals. It specified care, protection and development opportunities for children below 3 years and integrated care and development and pre-school learning opportunities for 3-6 year olds. National Curriculum Framework (2005f emphasized two years of pre-schooling and considered ECCE as significant for holistic development of the child, as a preparation for schooling and as a support service for women and girls. It advocated play-based developmentally appropriate curriculum Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) India has the distinction of having conceptualized and floated perhaps the worlds largest program for children, modeled on the definition which says that working with children means a more holistic view one of its components is child education, as early as in 1975. Known as the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), this program targets children, pregnant and lactating mothers and adolescent girls from a lifecycle perspective Non-formal preschool education has been one of its core components. Other Policies and Schemes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ National Policy on Education, 1968 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ National Policy on Education, 1986 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ National Policy on Education, 1986 (As modified in 1992) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ National Common Minimum Programme of the UPA Government, announced in May, 2004 Extracts relating to Education à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ National Curriculum Framework, 2005 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ National Commission for Protection of Child Rights à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Jawahar Bala Arogya Raksha à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Incentives to Girls for Secondary Education à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Information and Communication Technology in Schools (ICT @ Schools) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Primary Education Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Suggestions Decentralized and holistic planning for children: Given Indias diversity and scale the planning process and designing of interventions for children have to be contextualized. This can only be possible through a decentralized and participatory approach to planning and implementation. The Education sector already has experience of this approach to some extent and the programs /services for younger children would need to learn from this experience and reach out to children in a more targeted and local specific mode. Priority to and Ownership of ECCE: Very recently, the total responsibility of ECCE has been shifted from Department of Education within the Ministry of Human Resource Development to a newly created Ministry of Women and Child Development. Though, it is too early to comment upon the implications of this decision, however, it is likely to generate a lot of discussion and debate about the issue of ownership and its logistic location with the education sector. Prescription vs. Practice: While, a favourable policy framework and appropriate curricular guidance is available in the country for ECCE; the reality is that there is a large gap between what is prescribed or suggested and what is practiced. In a study conducted by the NCERT (1998) it was found that almost all the ICDS centers observed adhered to teaching of 3 Rs ( reading, writing and arithmetic) and there was a virtual absence of any play activities. Typically, the activities of preschool education under ICDS are conducted for a period ranging from 45 minutes to two hours duration daily, with minimal play and learning material support and that too, largely in the absence of sufficient outdoor and indoor spaces, basic infrastructure facilities and competent workers. Preschool education in private/ public nursery schools, again, is largely a downward extension of primary education curriculum, with teachers often having no ECCE training. Training Inputs and Institutional Support: Effective preparation of teachers/service providers for ECCE is another issue, which is expected to determine quality. Corresponding to the range of ECCE programs and initiatives in India there is a variety of training provisions in ECCE, as well. These range from the two year integrated Nursery Teachers training program (NTT) which aims at preparing teachers for preschool stage (3-6 years) and for the first two grades (6-8 years) of the primary stage, In addition, the curriculum of higher/ senior secondary stage of education (+2) in Central Board of Secondary Education, National Institute of Open Schooling and many State Education Boards have also included early childhood education as an area of vocational education. Public Spending on Children: For the very first time, in the year (2004-05), the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) in Government of India undertook a child budgeting exercise to look at provisions and expenditures for children more holistically. This portends well for a more comprehensive approach towards planning and budgeting for children in the future. The public funds allocated to children are classified under four heads in the child budgeting exercise: ICDS Nutrition, Education, Health and Child Protection and others. As per the Constitution of India, child related provisions are in the concurrent list of responsibilities with the States having a prominent role in service delivery. However, most of the states spending are on recurrent items of expenditures, it is the funds which are made available through the Centrally Sponsored Schemes that provide for reform and quality improvement. Overall, there has been an increase in expenditure on children as a percentage of GNP from 2.66 % in 1993-94 to 3.26% in 2001-02 (DWCD, Annual Report, 2004-05). As indicated in Figure 13 below, in terms of relative contributions, both the central and State contributions show steady increases over time, especially since 1997-98, with the states contribution being significantly more dominant. Still the overall public expenditure is far less than it should be.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Christianitys Influence on the Vikings Essay examples -- Vikings Chri

Christianity's Influence on the Vikings When I think of the words that describes Vikings I think of barbaric, having no mercy, and great explores. Words that describe a Christian to me are trustworthy, considerate, helpful, and peaceful. The descriptions of words I described for Vikings and Christians have basically opposite meanings. As the Vikings gradually became Christians they started to dramatically change their culture. So as Christianity was implemented on the Vikings they became more civilized. The Vikings gradually picked up Christianity influences throughout their existence but my question is did it play a key role in the down fall of the Vikings? The Viking era existed from 800 AD to 1200 AD and during 1000 AD Christianity began to have major influence in the Viking culture (Roesdahl 27). A major religion that shaped the Viking culture is Nordic Paganism (Williams). According to Stephen Henkin who wrote an article called the Viking Fury, the Vikings admired and tried to live up to the character traits they saw their gods portraying(Henkin ). Stephen Henkin suggested that character traits the Vikings saw in the Nordic gods are virile qualities: brutality, anger, lust, and humor (Henkin). The Vikings attempted to try to shape their character from the character traits they saw their gods portraying believing that they should try to acquire these characteristics to make their gods happy. Nordic Paganism was polytheistic with the main gods being Odin, Thor and Frey (â€Å"The Pagan Library†). Odin was the god of wisdom, magic and runes (â€Å"The Pagan Library†). The runes were the alphabet of the Vikings. Rune stones is the only documented writing from the Vikings during their existence, so a lot of the history during the ... ...the Vikings, I came to the conclusion that it was a key. The change in character traits of a person completely alters a person as it did with the Vikings. So the influence of Christianity character helped alter the Vikings to disappear. Works Cited Brent, Peter. The Viking Saga. New York:. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1975. Gerset, Knut. History of the Norwegien People. New York: Au Press, 1969. Henkin, Stephen. â€Å"Viking Fury.† The World Li. Jan 2000. Proquest, Penn State Library. 31 March 2004. Roesdall, Else and David M. Wilson, ed. From Viking to Crusader. New York: Rizzoli, 1992. Skarsten, Trygve R. â€Å"Nordic Religions in the Viking Age.† Church History. Sep. 2000. Proquest, Penn State Library, 31 March 2004 Williams, Garth. â€Å"Pagan belief.† BBCi. 6 April 2004. 6 April 2004 < http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/religion_02.shtml>.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Eco/561pr †Economics Essay

In modern society people desire goods and services that provide a more comfortable or affluent standard of living. We want bottled water, soft drinks, and fruit juices, not just water from the creek. We want salads, burgers, and pizzas, not just berries and nuts. According to MC-Connell (2008) â€Å"Economics, which is the social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal choices under conditions of scarcity.† Scarce economic resources mean limited goods and services. Scarcity restricts options and demands choices. Because we â€Å"can’t have it all,† we must decide what we will have and what we must forgo. Consumers are purposeful in deciding what goods and services to buy. Business firms are purposeful in deciding what products to produce and how to produce them. Government entities are purposeful in deciding what public services to provide and how to finance them. Economist develops economic principles and models at two levels macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics examines either the economy as a whole or its basic subdivisions, such as the government, household, and business sectors. Macroeconomics seek to obtain an overview or general outline of the structure of the economy relationship of its major aggregates. We can see it as an economic measure of total output, total employment, total income, aggregate expenditure, and the general level of prices in analyzing various economic problems. On the other hand microeconomics is the part of economics concerned with individual units such as a person, a firm, or industry. At this level economist observe the detail of an economic unit, or very small segment of the economy. Micro measures the price of a specific product, the number of employees in a small business, the revenue of a particular individual. These means individuals and society face economizing problem because their wants exceed their income and they must decide what to purchase and what to for go. Some of the tools we can use to measure this process is a graphically, budget line which is a line in a graph with the various  combinations of two products that a consumer can purchase with the specific income, giving the prices of the two products. Other tools for economist to measure and illustrate society’s economizing problem through production possibilities analysis. This use tables and curves that show the different combinations of good and services that can be produced in a fully-grown economy. Economists most often use graphs to illustrate their models. By understanding these â€Å"graphs† you can more readily comprehend economic relationships. Most of economic principles or models explain relationships between just two sets of economic facts, which can be conveniently represented with two-dimensional graphs. Since income is the determining factor, we represent it on the horizontal axis of the graph, as is customary. And because consumption depends on income, we represent it on the vertical axis of the graph, as is also customary. Actually, what we are doing is representing the independent variable on the horizontal axis and the dependent variable on the vertical axis. Also it’s very important to understand lines which can be described in terms of their slopes. The slope of a straight line is the ratio of the vertical change to the horizontal change between any two points of the line. We can concluded that Graphs and lines are a convenient and revealing way to represent economic relationships. Over time, technological advances and increases in the quantity and quality of resources enable the economy to produce more of all goods and services, that is, to experience economic growth. Society’s choice as to the mix of consumer goods and capital goods in current output is a major determinant of the future location of the production possibilities curve and thus of the extent of economic growth. References: Mc-Connell, B. (2008). Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies, (16th ed.). : .

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Public Health and Health Promotion Essay Example

Public Health and Health Promotion Essay Example Public Health and Health Promotion Paper Public Health and Health Promotion Paper The framework of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention is also useful for bringing pharmacy and public health together. Primary prevention includes health promotion and requires action on the determinants of health to prevent disease occurring. It has been described as refocusing upstream to stop people falling in to the waters of disease. Secondary prevention is essentially the early detection of disease, followed by appropriate intervention, such as health promotion or treatment. Tertiary prevention aims to reduce the impact of the disease and promote quality of life through active rehabilitation. From the GCU Library, select and review three recent (published within the last five years) journal articles (one of each of the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of health promotion) in nursing practice. Prepare an essay (750-1,000) words in which you review and compare the three articles you have selected for this assignment. Address the following: 1) How is health promotion defined? Health promotion could be defined as an approach that goes further than just health care. It is the practice of empowering individuals with knowledge and education to better prevent illness, aide in screening for illnesses to detect any issues that may be unknown without the early screening tools, and instruct and educate on an illness once it has been diagnosed to prevent further deterioration of health. It also includes laws that are reviewed and passed that attribute to quality health care. 2) What is the purpose of health promotion in nursing practice? The purpose of health promotion in nursing is to aide in the prevention of disease and promotes a healthy community. 3) How are nursing roles and responsibilities evolving in health promotion? 4) Explain the implementation methods for health promotion that encompasses all areas of nursing. 5) Compare the three levels of health promotion prevention.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Spanish Idioms Using Haber

Spanish Idioms Using Haber Like many other common verbs, haber is used to form a variety of idioms. As phrases whose meanings dont depend on the literal meanings of the individual words, idioms can be somewhat challenging to learn. But they are a necessary part of language, and some of them using haber express everyday concepts and are used often. Following are the most common idioms using haber. For other usages of haber, see lessons on its use as an auxiliary verb and as a translation for there is or there are. Also note that the conjugation of haber is highly irregular. haber (in the third-person singular) que infinitive - to be necessary to, to be essential to - Hay que comer. It is necessary to eat. Habr que salir a las tres. It will be necessary to leave at 3. haber de infinitive - to be to, to be supposed to - Hemos de salir a las tres. We are to leave at 3. He de viajar a Nueva York. I am supposed to go to New York. haber de infinitive - must (in the sense of showing high probability) - Ha de ser inteligente. He must be intelligent. Habà ­a de ser las nueve de la noche. It must have been 9 p.m. habà ­a una vez (or, less frequently, hubo una vez) - Once upon a time ... - Habà ­a una vez un granjero que tenà ­a una granja muy grande. Once upon a time there was a farmer with a very large farm. no haber tal - to be no such thing - No hay tal cosa como un almuerzo gratis. Theres no such thing as a free lunch.  ¡Quà © hubo!,  ¡Quihà ºbole! (regional variation) - Hi! Whats happening? No hay de quà ©. - Dont mention it. Its n ot important. No big deal. habà ©rselas con - to have it out with, to quarrel with - Me las habà ­a con mi madre. I had it out with my mother.  ¿Cunto hay de ... ? - How far is it from ... ? -  ¿Cunto hay de aquà ­ al parque nacional? How far is it from here to the national park?  ¿Quà © hay?  ¿Quà © hay de nuevo? - Whats happening? Whats new? he aquà ­ - here is, here are. - He aquà ­ una lista de nombres. Here is a list of names. Heme aquà ­. - Here I am. He lo aquà ­. He lo allà ­. He los aquà ­. He los allà ­. - Here it is. There it is. Here they are. There they are.  ¡He dicho! - And thats that! Keep in mind also that many expressions use hay. Although the meaning of many of them can be deduced from the words, they arent necessarily translated literally. For example, hay sol (literally, there is sun) is often used for it is sunny, and  ¡eres de lo que no hay! (literally, you are of that which there are none) can be used for youre unbelievable! or something like that.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

salutary neglect essays

salutary neglect essays Even as their first colonies were developing, Britain did not exercise as much control over them, as other nations had in their colonies. This occurred even more so as the colonies continued to develop. During this time Britain chose to pursue political and military undertaking away from the colonies, taking their attention off of the settlers in the Americas. This policy, later named salutary neglect by Edmund Burke, allowed the colonies to experience freedom from the control of England, leading them to develop the beginnings of their own representative assemblies, trade free of restraint from the mother country, and religious tolerance. Before England had established any colonies in the Americas, Spain and Portugal had done so. Spain and Portugal ruled their colonies in an authoritarian fashion, leaving no room for the settlers to have any control over themselves. The settlers had little to no representation in government and no say in public policy. This is what caused Englands colonies to differ from the others. The settlers in Englands colonies were partially self-governed, and had many freedoms that other settlers did not. One reason for this was that many of the English colonies began as private corporate enterprises and remained free from direct control by the English government for some time. Secondly many of the English settlers had participated in government at home and by virtue of the fact carried the tradition with them to America. This salutary neglect would go on to influence the development of society in America in several ways. Only a few years after Virginia was founded in 1607 by the English, the Virginia Company created the first representative assembly in colonial America. This assembly was named the House of Burgesses and represented many of Virginias counties and towns. Due to the lack of control by the English government, the settlers were able to create representation...

Saturday, October 19, 2019

How does inequality help us understand democratization Essay

How does inequality help us understand democratization - Essay Example Economic inequality is the contrasts between the economic conditions of different persons or various groups (2). Kelly argued that inequality is social differentiation accompanied by differential moral evaluation. According to him, it is clear that inequality is present when socially differentiated groups are subject to cultural evaluations of moral worthiness (473). Inequality helps us understand the need and relevance of democracy and thus to understand democratization. Many researchers have questioned whether more democracy is a cause of more equality or more equality is a cause of more democracy. Evidences and theories show that inequality has negative influences on a democracy and thus inequality helps us understand the need for democratization. Democracy can remain powerful only when there is social stability and people are free from intense conflict. Inequality has always been a key to social anarchy and social conflicts. According to Muller, income inequality has negative impacts on a country’s level of democracy and it is grounded in the theoretical preposition that extreme inequality generates intense and irreconcilable conflicts that are in turn incompatible with stable democracy (990). Muller concluded with his empirical findings that higher levels of inequality were a reason to decline the levels of democracy during the period of 1965 to 1980 (991). Midlarsky argued that in the cross national literatures, economic equality, democratization and economic development are positively related. According to him, the evidences have proved that political participation and democratization are greater at higher levels of economic development (110). As long as there is high level of equality in a community, the political involvement and democratization will gradually grow and then to achieve economic development as well. If there is higher level of inequality, in contrast, the economic development will be comparatively lower.

Friday, October 18, 2019

In what ways was the Ottoman Empire different to its West European Essay

In what ways was the Ottoman Empire different to its West European counterparts - Essay Example During the reign of Muhammad II that lasted between 1451 and 1481, Ottoman Empire was actively involved in absorbing other states. Within this period Ottoman Empire was able to end all the other local Turkish dynasties hence becoming the superpowers of the region. With such a heavy backing from the fact that they had no dynasties to compete with, Ottoman Empire’s expansion started under Osman I, Orkhan, Murad I, and Beyazid I, which happened at the expense of numerous other empires such as Byzantine, Serbia, and Bulgaria. Due to pressure from Ottoman, another active and strong empire, Bursa fell in 1326, which was followed by the fall of Adrianople in 1261 (Said, 1978). Amazing, besides ensuring that these two (Bursa and Adrianople) empires fell, Ottoman Empire mocked them by making them the capital of the empire in turns that is, when Bursa fell it was made the capital and later on Adrianople was made the capital of the empire after its fall (Dale, 2010). This marked the begi nning of expansion for Ottoman Empire, which continuously grew and developed through taking over other Turkish dynasties or empires. Period of Great Expansion Through Muhammad I, Ottoman Empire was united against other empires. Muhammad I strongly believed that the only way of expanding of the empire was to take over other empires that surrounded Ottoman Empire. Consequently, many empires were victims of such strategy thus marking the initial stage of the â€Å"Great Expansion† (Dale, 2010). Amongst the taking over that occurred during the period of Great Expansion include victory at Varna and the 1453 capture of Constantinople. It is amazing how Ottomans changed from nomads to being the heirs of most ancient existing empire within Europe (Palmer, 1992). The weakness and disunity of the adversaries that competed and surrounded Ottoman Empire was a great step in enhancing the empire’s success. In addition, Ottoman through Muhammad I created a well-organized military gro up, which ensured that all the captures and take over was successfully done (Dale, 2010). Their military organization was considered superior to all the other surrounding dynasties (Said, 1978). Surprisingly, such military organizations consisted of mainly Christians who were not only corps of Janissaries but also volunteers who were ready to fight for their empire (Dale, 2010). With such beautifully organized military organization, Ottoman was able to continuously expand until the 16th century where the expansion and growth of the empire reached its peak. Defeating the Hungarian in 1526 gave Ottoman Empire a boost and confidence in more capture and take-over especially the 1541 capture of Buda as well as taking in of major part of Hungary that form Ottoman’s empire. Continuous capturing and taking over of different dynasties led to the opening up of the empire’s boundaries into Persia and Arabia; a factor that enhanced the strength within the region. During the reign of Selim I, more dynasties were defeated giving opportunity and strength for the expansion and growth of Ottoman Empire. In 1535 when Sulayman I started his reign, the empire continued to capture and take over more empires in a bid to being the heir

Research/argumentative paper about Achilles and Agamemnon Research - 1

/argumentative about Achilles and Agamemnon - Research Paper Example His conflict with Achilles begins when Agamemnon is forced to give up his captured prize, the woman Chryseis who was the daughter of the local priest to Apollo. When Agamemnon refused to ransom her to her father, Apollo sent a plague against the Greek army until the girl was returned. Agamemnon agreed to return her on condition that he got the other girl, Briseis, who had been awarded to Achilles. Its easy to see the argument that takes place after that as childish pouting on the part of Achilles, but this conflict tells us perhaps more about this society than the epic battle between Hector and Achilles. In the conflict between Achilles and Agamemnon, it is possible to see the social structure of the Greek army as a collection of allies rather than an encampment of a single, unified, cohesive army. Its also clear that the insult to Achilles is not only the lack of respect toward him as also being a leader of men in the taking away of a prize, but also in the over-generosity of Agamem nons later peace offerings which would subjugate Achilles as a servant of sorts to Agamemnon. Through his behavior, Achilles allows us to understand important subtleties of Greek social life and gain insight into important concepts in our own social structure. The ancient Greeks were organized according to a very specific social structure that had many subtleties not necessarily recognized today. Rather than being written as a specific code, these subtleties were contained in various expected forms of behavior and informal codes of conflict. For example, it is often forgotten among Achilles critics that the Greek army was not the single entity we think of today when we think of the American forces. Instead, it was a collection of armies, each led by their own leader as each leader agreed to fight on the side of Agamemnon (Donlan, 2002). This meant Agamemnon owed his

Fitness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fitness - Essay Example First, the body withstands or gets the ability to be against infections since an increase in the level of nutrients with a balanced diet and bad fats cut down raises the antioxidant level. This means that there will be an increase in the defense system of an individual against ravages of radicals that are free, and other infections (Libal, 2006). Secondly, individuals come in contact with some fatal infections and diseases like high blood pressure, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer will not be vulnerable to them. Eating better and keeping fit plays a massive role in ensuring that people live a longer healthy life. Regular exercises protect body organs and keep all the engines of the body in good shape and maintain their efficiency. By keeping fit, the heart is strengthened making it work more efficiently since the body ensures that it runs on a speed that is optimum which is provided by the nutrients got from a balanced diet (Woodman, 2012). The diet of the Middle East is under that of the Mediterranean, which incorporates cuisines and foods of those countries, which border the Mediterranean Sea. This has garnered fame for its salient role of keeping the body staving off diseases that are chronic and ensuring that it remains healthy. The Middle Eastern Diet gives emphasis to olive oil use, whole grains, fish, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. Such a diet if followed keeps the people of this region as healthy as possible. This can be topped up with some exercises and simple gym. The diet if well adhered to keeps an individual healthy and enhances the performance of students in their daily activities and school work too. There can be a 50 to 70 percent reduction in chances of individuals’ vulnerability to cardiovascular diseases and other ailment that arise from lack of proper health and fitness when one follows the GCC and Middle East healthy diet (Woodman, 2012). An active lifestyle

Thursday, October 17, 2019

The use of Algae in the Mediterranean Research Paper

The use of Algae in the Mediterranean - Research Paper Example Biodiesel is produced from oils and fats of animals and vegetables such as sunflower oil, palm oil, jatropha as well as algae. Sustainability of feedstock could be ensured in the case of algae fuel due to fast growth of algae. Development of technology for manufacturing biofuel using algae at lower cost and higher productivity assumes importance in this backdrop. High initial investment is an important barrier to the growth in this industry. This is expected to come down in the future through R&D efforts in the industry with the active support of governments and research institutions. Climate in Mediterranean and other sub-tropical countries is suitable for growing algae for producing algae based biofuels. Since the country of Cyprus is surrounded by sea with good port facilities, growing marine algae for producing biodiesel and the by-products based on this type of algae is considered. Also, increase in demand and good prices for the by-products and can reduce the overall cost of pr oduction of algae biofuels to make it more competitive in the markets. Conservation of natural resources Depleting fossil fuel sources of energy and growth in energy consumption over years cause serious threat to energy security of the world in the future. According to Scot et al. (277) â€Å"Microalgae offer great potential for exploitation, including the production of biodiesel, but the process is still some way from being carbon neutral or commercially viable. Part of the problem is that there is little established background knowledge in the area.† For achieving the desired progress in this area for the purpose of conservation of fossil fuels and for mitigating the effects of climate change, concerted efforts for the development of this industry on international scale is very important. McDonald (2012) stated that Biologists at US San Diego have made researches to establish that marine algae can be just as capable as fresh water algae in producing biodiesel. According to Kothari and Gujral (272) biofuels derived from algae and microalgae or genetically modified algae and genetically modified co-cultures of Shewanella and Synechococcus have been commercialized. It is further pointed out that algae fuel yields considerably more energy than fossil fuels and biofuels under development include Cellulosic ethanol, Algae fuel, BioDME, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, DMF, bio-hydrogen and biohydrogen diesel. The superior fuel efficiency of algae fuel compared to fossil fuel has been proved in driving Algaeus, a modified Toyota Prius car. "It got 147 miles per gallon in the city," says  Fuel  director Josh Tickell of the converted to plug-in  Prius hybrid  that he drove on a mix of battery power and algae fuel blended with conventional gasoline. (Biello) Project profile In a project for producing algae fuel several factors have to be taken into account such as capital investment involved, availability of suitable space for growing algae for the project, envi ronmental clearances by the local bodies and the governments, infrastructural facilities available, growth, research and development in the industry, marketability of the products and availability of managerial skills and skilled labor. The country of Cyprus is considered ideal for the project to grow marine algae for various reasons. The government of Cyprus has taken initiatives for development of microalgae as an alternative fuel by partnering with leading institution in the region. â€Å"To foster the development

Astronomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Astronomy - Essay Example And the solar system was created through a gaseous cloud. According to the book of (Ramsey, 1983) â€Å"The nebular hypothesis explains that the nebula slowly rotates, it gradually condensing and flattening due to gravity and eventually form the stars and planets.† It assumes that at one time the sun was a large mass of gas extending out beyond the farthest limits of what is now the entire solar system. The mass of hot gases was rotating slowly, and as the gases cooled and contracted, the mass began to rotate faster and faster until a ring separated from the main part. Its rotation eventually turned this region into a disk. Matter continued to fall toward the center of the solar nebula, making the central parts hotter. The sun was beginning to grow at the center of the disk. Are planets orbiting stars other than the Sun. Astronomers study of possible life in the universe, because life is more likely to develop on planets than in the extremes of stars and empty space. According to (Ramsey,1983) Astronomers have found that most young stars are surrounded by disks composed of dust and gas. Some of these disks show evidence of comet-like objects. For instance, â€Å"The disk around the star Fomalhaut, show an empty area around the star, or a stripe of empty space in the disk. Astronomers believe that dust in this area could be in the process of condensing into a planet.† The theory states that a disk of dust and gas collects around a star as the star forms. Bits of dust in the disk collide and stick together, forming larger and larger chunks of rock and ice. Farther out from the star (where the temperature is cooler), the gases in the disk freeze, adding to the mass available to form these chunks. The pieces of rock continue to collide, forming large objects called protoplanets. Four protoplanets grew close to the central sun. These were inner planets or (terrestrial) planets: Mercury, Venue, Earth and Mars. Four other

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Fitness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fitness - Essay Example First, the body withstands or gets the ability to be against infections since an increase in the level of nutrients with a balanced diet and bad fats cut down raises the antioxidant level. This means that there will be an increase in the defense system of an individual against ravages of radicals that are free, and other infections (Libal, 2006). Secondly, individuals come in contact with some fatal infections and diseases like high blood pressure, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer will not be vulnerable to them. Eating better and keeping fit plays a massive role in ensuring that people live a longer healthy life. Regular exercises protect body organs and keep all the engines of the body in good shape and maintain their efficiency. By keeping fit, the heart is strengthened making it work more efficiently since the body ensures that it runs on a speed that is optimum which is provided by the nutrients got from a balanced diet (Woodman, 2012). The diet of the Middle East is under that of the Mediterranean, which incorporates cuisines and foods of those countries, which border the Mediterranean Sea. This has garnered fame for its salient role of keeping the body staving off diseases that are chronic and ensuring that it remains healthy. The Middle Eastern Diet gives emphasis to olive oil use, whole grains, fish, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. Such a diet if followed keeps the people of this region as healthy as possible. This can be topped up with some exercises and simple gym. The diet if well adhered to keeps an individual healthy and enhances the performance of students in their daily activities and school work too. There can be a 50 to 70 percent reduction in chances of individuals’ vulnerability to cardiovascular diseases and other ailment that arise from lack of proper health and fitness when one follows the GCC and Middle East healthy diet (Woodman, 2012). An active lifestyle

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Astronomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Astronomy - Essay Example And the solar system was created through a gaseous cloud. According to the book of (Ramsey, 1983) â€Å"The nebular hypothesis explains that the nebula slowly rotates, it gradually condensing and flattening due to gravity and eventually form the stars and planets.† It assumes that at one time the sun was a large mass of gas extending out beyond the farthest limits of what is now the entire solar system. The mass of hot gases was rotating slowly, and as the gases cooled and contracted, the mass began to rotate faster and faster until a ring separated from the main part. Its rotation eventually turned this region into a disk. Matter continued to fall toward the center of the solar nebula, making the central parts hotter. The sun was beginning to grow at the center of the disk. Are planets orbiting stars other than the Sun. Astronomers study of possible life in the universe, because life is more likely to develop on planets than in the extremes of stars and empty space. According to (Ramsey,1983) Astronomers have found that most young stars are surrounded by disks composed of dust and gas. Some of these disks show evidence of comet-like objects. For instance, â€Å"The disk around the star Fomalhaut, show an empty area around the star, or a stripe of empty space in the disk. Astronomers believe that dust in this area could be in the process of condensing into a planet.† The theory states that a disk of dust and gas collects around a star as the star forms. Bits of dust in the disk collide and stick together, forming larger and larger chunks of rock and ice. Farther out from the star (where the temperature is cooler), the gases in the disk freeze, adding to the mass available to form these chunks. The pieces of rock continue to collide, forming large objects called protoplanets. Four protoplanets grew close to the central sun. These were inner planets or (terrestrial) planets: Mercury, Venue, Earth and Mars. Four other

What is Joyces perception Essay Example for Free

What is Joyces perception Essay In the Dubliners Joyce trails the children in his stories from childhood to maturity gradually increasing in age from one story to the next. The characters in the first three stories are young enough to still entertain hopes and dreams of their adult lives and the adventures and experiences that they might have. These first three stories The Sisters, An Encounter and Araby are all set in the childhood stages of life. In all three of these stories the children come across as young, innocent and very nai ve. Each one of the children in each of the stories learns or discovers at least one thing about the adult world that they live in. There are three words that describe the childhood world in Dublin at this time perfectly and they are isolation, paralysis and entrapment. In The Sisters the boy discovers the reality of death when a close adult friend of his dies. At the beginning of the story he is intrigued by the world paralysis, It filled me with fear, and yet I longed to be nearer it and to look upon its deadly work. This boy had not come across the idea of confinement to one particular place or room like the dying priest was on his deathbed and the idea was a strange one for him. He wanted to understand it and when the priest dies the child grows to understand the idea a bit better. The priest is said to have taught him a great deal, mind you; and they say he had a great wish for him. The priest assumed that the boy would want to go into the church without any discussion or ideas from the boy, this shows that during this time in Dublin the youth were guided by the adults around them, they followed on doing the same job as them. The children of this time just thought that this is what happened and they didnt have the choice of what they wanted to do as they entered adulthood, this is an example of entrapment in childhood. In An Encounter the boy discovers the corruption of the adult world. As a child the boy believes that all adults are trusted. The boy meets this stranger and the man takes an unusual liking to the boy and pays a strange amount of attention to him. There seems to be a sexual nature about the attention that he is paying to the boy and the boy does not see this at the beginning and speaks to the man about literature and school punishments but then the boy seem to understand that this is not the way that most adults have spoken to him before and he sees that something is strange about this and so tries to get away from the man. He had not seen this side of the adult world before and he then did not know how to react towards the people around him, he understands that not everyone is to be trusted. The boy in Araby has just discovered a girl that he has strong feelings for. He wants to please the girl and so he agrees that he will go to the bazaar on the other side of Dublin and buy her a present. From the story it seems that she is a bit older than the boy and seems to have had more experience of people of the other sex and knows how to manipulate the boy and enjoys how much she knows the boy likes her. In this story the boy discovers the opposite sex and the circulation that relationships and the opposite sex themselves can lead you into. The boy was so determined to go to the bazaar just to impress this girl, maybe he wouldnt have gone if the girl didnt want some thing from there. There are lots of ideas of circulation in the three stories about childhood. At the time that Joyce has set these stories there was a lot of circulation in Dublin, the children would have found it very hard to get out of the way that people wanted them to react and behave. They would have found it hard to find a job for themselves most families had generations of their families in the same job and workplace it would even have been hard for them to leave Dublin and Ireland as there were not great opportunities at that time for these people. All of the children in Dubliners live with their aunt and uncle whether this is because the children have been abandoned by their parents of have left with them due to professional or any other reason is not known, but this shows that there is a great sense of family based groups in Dublin at this time and there may not be a way of getting out of this again, the idea of entrapment and circulation. I believe that children at the time that Joyce wrote the stories of children in the Dubliners were not aware of the dangers of the adult world around them. I think that they are very nai ve and innocent and they have a lot to learn about themselves and those around them. In these particular stories these children discover death, the corruption of adulthood and the opposite sex. These are all very important this in the development towards adolescence and then adulthood. I think that Joyce was very aware of the development of children at this time and I believe that he conveys their youth and naivety very well in the stories that he wrote.

Monday, October 14, 2019

String, procedure and macros in microprocessor

String, procedure and macros in microprocessor Strings In Microprocessor In order to understand strings, one has to keep in mind that a string is made up of an array of characters. The string data type is an in-built data type that is an array of 256 characters (type string= parked array of chaege). When stored in memory, the processor should know where the string starts and where it finishes. In order to know where the string finishes, in Pascal, the 0th element of a string is defined as the length of the string. So, if you try to access character 0 of a string, the number of characters stored in that array is returned, thus letting the processor to know where the string finishes. The power arc behavior on HV insulator strings is studied with regard to both the testing procedures and the design of guard devices. More precisely, the paper discusses the problems of firing the arc with an impulse or a fuse wire and the importance of the symmetry conditions of the supply and the return circuit in order to obtain reproducible and representative tests. The consequences of such testing procedures in the design of HV transmission lines are shown in some typical cases, that is, for vertical and for V- insulator strings. A string-oriented operating system for Intel-8080-based microcomputers is described. The system consists of a hierarchy of virtual machines. The lowest level virtual machines extend the instruction set of the 8080 to include additional 16-bit arithmetic and logical instructions, new data types, and operators. The data types include strings and string operators derived from the SNOBOL programming language. A table data type is constructed from strings, and table-manipulation operators are provided. A bit-map data type and associated operators are also included. An Input/Output Control System (IOCS) support device-independent IO to multiple devices and diskette files. File name aliases permit many logical IO streams to be dynamically mapped onto a restricted set of physical IO units. Pseudo device handlers expand the capabilities of IO devices and are transparent to application programs. Distributed command decoders interpret IO command strings. Once communication is established with a logical device, a low-overhead IO Vector mechanism may be used for further access. A keyboard monitor provides interactive debugging facilities to application programmers. System resource allocation is implementation dependent and is not embedded in the system nucleus. Multiple implementations over a range of system sizes have demonstrated the utility and adaptability of WIZARD. Apparatus and methods for testing a microprocessor chip using dedicated scan strings A test apparatus and method for design verification of at least one microprocessor chip includes a compatible Joint Task Action Group (JTAG) terminal for access to a plurality of computer functional units contained in the chip. A test input terminal included in the JTAG terminal receives a scan string, the string being coupled to each computer functional unit through a first multiplexer. The scan input string is separated by the JTAG terminal under program control into a series of dedicated scan strings, each dedicated scan string being supplied to a selected functional unit through the first multiplexer. Each functional unit includes start and stop scan clocks for testing the functional under program control using the dedicated scan train for the functional unit. A test output terminal included in the JTAG terminal is coupled to each functional unit through a second multiplexer. The test results of the dedicated scan string under control of the scan clock are supplied to the output terminal through the second multiplexer. The compatible JTAG terminal includes further elements for controlling the scan clocks to select a targeted functional unit for testing purposes while the scan strings for non-targeted functional units remain in an inactive state. Macros In Microprocessor A macro is a set of tasks combined together so that you can run or replay the entire task together with a single command. Macros are a powerful productivity tool. With macros you can perform long or boring tasks just by a single click. If you think you are doing the same task again and again and it is frustrating and wasting your time and energy, you are ready to use macros. Even if it is not getting on your nerve, using a macro is a smart and fun way of working. A microprocessor with a macro-rom exhibits reduced latency time and greater flexibility by including both a macro-rom queue and a main program queue. The arrangement eliminates the undesirable latency associated with fetching program as part of a return sequence from a macro-rom instruction. Also, the arrangement allows parameters to be extracted from the main program queue as the macrosequence is executing from the macro-roms program queue. Field Of The Invention : The integrated chip greatly improved the use for transistors, but it could only do what it was originally programmed to do. It couldnt change programs, and it certainly couldnt remember anything. This invention relates to microprocessor organizations and more particularly to such an organization including a macro-rom. Background Of The Invention : A microprocessor includes a datapath portion and a control portion. Data and addresses are manipulated in the datapath portion. The control portion is operative to decode instructions in a program into a form suitable for controlling that manipulation. Programs typically are stored in a main memory external to the chip and include sequences of instructions and data at specified addresses in the memory. The control portion of the microprocessor conveniently comprises a programmable logic array (PLA) for decoding instructions from main memory as well as auxiliary logic circuitry for applying decoded instructions to the datapath. A PLA includes an input register and an output register each having a set of latches. Instructions from main memory are applied to the latches of the input register typically during a first phase of each clock cycle of operation. During a second phase of each cycle, the latches of the output register are set to provide the binary code for controlling the datapath for the next subsequent cycle of operation. An instruction applied to the input register is called an op-code, and the output of the PLA (output register) is called a line of microcode. Each such line of microcode determines the state of the microprocessor for the instant cycle of operation. A PLA is characterized by feedback loops between the output register and the input register. These feedback loops carry binary data back to the input register to modify some bits of the input to the PLA in a manner to generate a sequence of related states. A PLA is able, thus, to generate a sequence of related microcode lines in response to each of one or more instructions in the program. As is most often the case, data located at more than a single address in the main memory are required in order for even a single instruction to produce useful results. These data must be accessed and moved to (fetched from main memory) on-chip registers in the datapath under the control of consecutive microcde lines in response to the single instruction. It typically takes a number of clock cycles to accomplish this movement of data even in response to a single instruction. The requisite number of clock cycles for such movement is reduced if the microprocessor includes an on-chip queue in which the instructions and data for a portion of a program can be stored. If this portion of the program is prefetched (i.e., fetched during earlier cycles) and stored in an on-chip queue in consecutive locations in the queue, the program can then be executed without wasting extra cycle time to access data stored in the main memory. Instead, the requisite instructions and data, when required, are obtained in a single cycle from the first location in the queue. Instructions in the queue are then applied to the input register of the PLA, and data in the queue are applied to elements of the datapath. Limitations imposed upon the speed of microprocessor operation by the bandwidth of the input/output (I/O) bus which carries instructions from main memory are thus reduced in microprocessors which include such a program queue into which such prefetched instructions and data ar e stored temporarily. A macro-rom is used to store on-chip, frequently-used programs called routines. Such routines are often called for in the execution of certain instructions called macro-instructions. A macro-rom is a word organized, on-chip, read-only-memory (ROM) operative to generate an ouput sequence of binary codes (coded words) in response to a corresponding sequence of input codes. The input codes are applied to the macro-rom from an on-chip register controlled by the output register of the PLA. Operation of the macro-rom is initiated when a program in main memory calls for a macro-instruction to be applied to the input register of the PLA. The PLA responds to generate microcode, specified bits of which set specified latches of the output register of the PLA for configuring the datapath elements (i.e., the queue, counter, address register, . . . ) to execute routines stored in the macro-rom and for activating the macro-rom as well. In turn, the macro-rom applies appropriate portions of the routine to the PLA input register. The routine is selected by the macro-instruction which specifies the addresses in the macro-rom at which the firt byte of the selected routine is stored. Consecutive macro-rom outputs typically are not applied directly to the PLA because a macro-rom instruction is not necessarily aligned in a proper field for the input register of the PLA, and execution is slow due to the requirement of several clock cycles for accessing a macro-rom memory to obtain an instruction. Instead, the selected macro-rom program is also stored in the queue. However, the selected routine cannot be stored in the queue without first erasing all unexecuted data then stored in the queue when the macro-rom is activated. The reason for this is that the queue is a sequential memory which can be loaded only from one end and read out only from the other. In the absence of erasing the unexecuted data, the routine from the macro-rom thus would not be located properly with respect to the unexecuted program already in the queue and would often occupy more space than would be available in the queue. Consequently, for proper operation, unexecuted program is erased and the qu eue is filled with a routine from the macro-rom. Procedure In Microprocessor The suboptimum detection procedure based on the weighting of partial decisions (WPD) was introduced as an improvement of one-bit-quantisation digital matched filtering, also known as binary matched filtering (BMF). The WPD is characterised by minimal additional hardware and software requirements but considerably better performance in comparison with BMF. A primary application of the WPD is the implementation of cost-effective medium-speed voice-band data medem receivers, but it can also be used in a number of other parametric and nonparametric detection problems. Formerly, the WPD was analysed only for binary transmission with an antipodal set of signalling waveforms. In this paper, the concept of the WPD is generalise and analysed theorectically for M-ary transmission with an arbitrary set of equal-energy signalling waveforms. Here, it is treated as the generalise procedure with BMF is its special case. The results of the performance analysis are provided, as well. These Operating Procedures outline the orderly transaction of business of this committee. For the development of standards, openness and due process must apply, which means that any individual with a direct and material interest has a right to participate by: a) expressing a position and its basis, b) having that position considered, and c) appealing if adversely affected. Due process allows for equity and fair play. In addition to openness, due process requires balance, i.e., the standards development process should have a balance of interests and shall not be dominated by any single interest category. Refrences 1- www.macro-automation.htm 2- www.microstat.php.htm 3- www.answers.com 4- www.microprocessor.htm 5- www.micropinv.htm

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Drug Resistance Rising Among Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Cases Essay

Drug Resistance Rising Among Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cases Abstract Drug resistance has been increasing among patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Previous miracle drugs that were used in the 1950s have now been proven useless in many cases simply because the bacteria are not susceptible to antibiotics such as isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, etc. when they are taken. This pathogen is easily transmitted through air and has the capability of attacking the respiratory system and creating fatal consequences if not treated properly. A lot of people who contribute to the antibiotic resistant statistics are those that do not take medication accordingly. Even though the bacterium may not be resistant at first, it can eventually become resistant when it exchanges genes with already resistant bacterium. This paper will focus on specific antibiotics and their abilities to fight drug resistance. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was once phenomenally cured by simple antibiotics such as isoniazid, rifampin, streptomycin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, but recently, this pathogen has become antibiotic resistant to once useful drugs (Davies, 1999). Antibiotic resistance occurs when microorganisms become immune to specific drugs that are prescribed by doctors to kill other microorganisms. Usually, bacteria can be eradicated because they are single celled organisms but when drugs become defiant, they do not function properly. When antibiotics are taken, they enter the bloodstream and interfere with all microbes in the body while also altering body functions (Bren FDA, 2003). Sometimes antibiotics may not necessarily target its â€Å"wanted† target but instead, they attack both harmful and benign bacteria. When the bacteria that are sus... ...inistration. 7-27-05: http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2002/402_bugs.html Davies, P. (1999, March). Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. 7-27-05: http://www.priory.com/cmol/TBMultid.htm Kimball, J. (2003, August). Genetic Recombination in Bacteria. Genetic Recombination in Bacteria. 7-27-05: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/Avery.html Padilla, M. (2005). Tuberculosis. Encarta. 7-27-05: http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576449/Tuberculosis.html Somoskovi, A. (2001, April). The Molecular Basis of Resistance to Isoniazid, Rifampin, and Pyrazinamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Respiratory Research. 7-27-05: http://respiratory-research.com/content/2/3/164 (2005). Pathology of TB. The Internet Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education. 7-27-05: http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/MTB/MTB.html

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Summary of Monster by Sanyika Shakur Essay -- Sanyika Shakur Monster G

Summary of Monster by Sanyika Shakur Growing up in a world of gangs, death, and suffering Kody Scott, also known as Monster Kody, grew up in a life of struggle. From eleven years old Kody knew what he wanted a to be, a gangster. Nothing could stop him from becoming one of the most feared gang member of the late 1970?s and early 80?s except maybe his own conscience. Kody Scott goes through an evolution, from a child to Monster Kody to finally Sanyika Shakur, his Muslim name. Sanyika Shakur is a true survivor, considering everything that has taken place in his life he has managed to make something of himself from nothing. Kody Scott was born into the gang life weither he liked it or not. Born on 1963 in South Central Los Angeles Kody?s life would be affected by the growing number of gangs inevitably. Kody knew he had a choice to be made, be a gang member or be a pedestrian. He viewed pedestrians as spineless nerds who were always victims of someone?s ridicule or physical violence, who never responded to an affront of any type. He himself had a taste of pedestrian life in grade school were he was picked on and had his lunch money taken from him. ?Early on I saw and felt both sides of the game being played where I lived. It was during my time in elementary school that I chose to never be a victim again, if I could help it?(Shakur 100). Being in a gang gave Kody a feeling of security in a city of violence. ?I felt very different, older, more attached than any of...

Friday, October 11, 2019

American History Essay

In the aftermath of the wars waged with the other European countries, vying with each other to subjugate and exploit the American continent, Britain emerged as the sole Imperial Power in North America. Nevertheless, the cost was prohibitive and this compelled the British to impose additional taxes, which were very much resented by the people in the colonies. The authorities who had been appointed by the government in England, made it very clear that taxes would be imposed by England and that the colonial subjects would perforce have to abide with such legislation (Johnson and Woloch). The colonies had elected assemblies and these were deemed to be protection against the avaricious British and the governors appointed by them. A major objective of these assemblies was to mitigate the power of the British over them. The grouse of the colonists was that after having fought in the wars, provided most of the finances for the war and having sustained losses, they would once again have to pay taxes to prop up the profligate British. Moreover, the colonists were fiercely independent and brooked no interference in their affairs. Accordingly, they were unwilling to pay taxes to the British and felt that the only taxes that they had to pay should go into the coffers of their own colonies (Johnson and Woloch). To this end the British government introduced the Stamp Act, which levied a tax on commercial transactions, newspapers and gambling. This act was strongly opposed by the colonists and had to be eventually abandoned in the year 1766. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Charles Townshend, introduced a number of taxes in 1767. These were to be imposed on the import of tea, glass, lead, paper and paint. Moreover, such imports could only be made from Britain. When the colonists agitated against these taxes, their assemblies were dissolved and repressive measures were adopted against them, resulting in the death of civilians in Boston, on whom the Redcoats fired indiscriminately. Most of these taxes were subsequently, repealed, with the exception of that on tea. The redoubtable colonists boycotted tea (Johnson and Woloch). In 1773, a shipload of tea was dumped into the sea at Boston. This increased the brutality of the British, who brought about legislation that was clearly meant to crush the colonists. In 1774, the colonist responded to this British barbarism, by inaugurating a Colonial Congress at Philadelphia. The resolution passed at this congress, which was conveyed to the despots back home in England, was that taxation and other legislation was to be enacted only by the colonial assemblies and not the British Parliament. The English retaliated by declaring the colonies as being in rebellion and deployed its hated army. The colonists fought tooth and nail against their oppressors and managed to drive the British army out of their colonies. To compound the felony, the English hired some thirty thousand odd German mercenaries to fight against the colonists (Johnson and Woloch). This was the last nail in the coffin, and the colonists decided to secede from the overbearing British. Accordingly, the declaration of independence was formulated in 1776. The British had a large, well armed, well trained and highly experienced force at its disposal. However, as the colonists had only to demonstrate that they could not be defeated and as the terrain was not only unfamiliar but also vast, the British failed to make significant headway against them. The British tasted defeat at Saratoga and this prompted the French to provide support to the colonists. Finally at Yorktown, the Red Coats, led by Cornwallis were besieged on land by the glorious American troops led by that paragon of virtue, George Washington; on the sea the French Navy ensured that the despicable British could not make good their escape. The oppressors were forced to surrender before the valor and indomitable spirit of the Americans. In 1783, the loathsome and rapacious British recognized America as an independent country, much to their chagrin (Johnson and Woloch). Right from the inception of measures to rescind the rule of the British, the colonies had unanimously rejected the British Constitution. The different states of the Union were in favor of implementing their own constitutions. Since, the federal government was in favor of a uniform constitution, this led to quite a few disputes between the states and the federal government. After the revolutionary war had ended a wide range of disputes arose between the states and the federal government. In addition, there were a few disputes between several states of the budding nation. There were economic disputes, political disputes and differences in the ideologies of these states. The disputes had emerged as an aftereffect of the French Revolution and hence there was an immediate need to resolve them. President Jefferson had undertaken several measures to resolve these issues, but was unable to sort them out entirely. This led the rulers of the US to review the situation and it was established that the US had to rescind its relations with Europe and renovate the entire code of administration, which had a European background. It was realized that the fundamental issues to be adopted were self reliance and an enterprising spirit (GREAT BRITAIN-U. S. RELATIONS , 1991). The incomparable James Madison was the fourth US President. He was the greatest political theorist of his time. The efforts extended by him towards the success of the American Revolution were prodigious. He also strived hard to strengthen the US in its early days. His was the principal impetus to the implementation of the US Constitution. Madison was the leader of the Republican Party. His main objective was to establish a national government that represented the people and not the states. In this endeavor he represented the aspiration of the states to oppose any measure to control their respective administrative powers. His vision was that such a national government would resolve the disputes effectively between the states of the union. He contributed vastly to the establishment of federalist governance, and he was successful in achieving his goal. The first ten Constitutional Amendments were introduced by him and they are known as the bill of rights. These amendments, serve as a check on federal power. The states of the Union have been protected to a major extent by the bill of rights (Madison, James, 1991). The economies of some of the southern states were mainly agrarian and dependent on slavery. The northern states had become wealthy due to industrialization. In that situation, Abraham Lincoln was elected as the US President. He liberated the slaves through his Proclamation of Emancipation. This drastic measure resulted in the US Civil War in the year 1861. The Civil War lasted for four years. Eventually, in 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which ended the practice of slavery. The Civil War also came to an end during that time (abolitionism, 2005). Subsequently, the political system became fortified and democracy was well established in that period. The common man’s rights were protected through the Bill of Rights introduced by James Madison. All the political parties, without exception, cooperated in the process of nation building. These efforts resulted in a United States, which is the only superpower in the world. In this manner, the citizens of the US had always opposed measures by the government to curtail their rights.First the British and then the federal government, had to countenance the wrath of the American populace in this regard. Works Cited abolitionism . 2005. 16 December 2007 < http://www. credoreference. com/entry. jsp? xrefid=6400501&secid=. 2. -abolitionism>. GREAT BRITAIN-U. S. RELATIONS . 1991. 16 December 2007 . Johnson, Paul E and Nancy Woloch. â€Å"United States History . † Microsoft ® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. Madison, James. 1991. 16 December 2007 .

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Health Care Communication Methods Essay

Customer Service also known as communication, now days almost always involves several people, especially when it involves an elderly loved one. Having an elderly family member is a very sensitive topic believe it or not and although very common is still something that most still do not know how to deal with and do not quite understand. It is hard to have to face that fact that your Grandparents, parents, aunts, uncles, and sometimes siblings are faced with life threatening illnesses such as Alzheimer’s and Dementia and have forgotten who you are along with a host of other things. As an administrator of a Nursing Home you could be faced with many different situations and because patients in a nursing home are sometimes unable to understand or communicate on their own, it is important to have ways to get in contact with several different family members in the event of an emergency. Family members of these elderly patients still have lives of their own and may live in different states or countries even and then in the worst case, you have some patients in Nursing Homes who do not have family members at all. Most of the time there will be a social worker who is responsible for the wellbeing of these patients in this type of situation. There is an enormous misunderstanding of the role of communication services in healthcare. Nursing home administrators act as the patient’s liaison between staff and doctors, in the event that a Nursing Home receives notification that the organization is being purchased by a national group, and because of new policies to be implemented, many of the patients will be displaced, it is important to know the way to communicate with each individuals family members. Residents have rights and these rights being violated can cause serious issues with the law. Below is a short list of patients’ rights when concerning unfair transfer or discharge. Protection against Unfair Transfer or Discharge: You can’t be sent to another nursing home, or made to leave the nursing home, unless any of the  following are true: It is necessary for the welfare, health, or safety of you or others. Your health has declined to the point that the nursing home can’t meet your care needs. Your health has improved to the point that nursing home care is no longer necessary. The nursing home hasn’t been paid for services you received. The nursing home closes In this scenario it is important that you inform the residents that they are being displaced and that they need to approve the release of their medical information. The best way to do this, since it is concerning medical records, would be privately. HIPAA protects the privacy of individually identifiable health information and if violated you could face jail time and hefty fines so you should use the best communication method that fits the scenario. The best method of communication I thought would be best for this scenario was traditional and electronic communication because they both have some convenience to the residents. The right amount of information and the right information is needed to explain to family members and patients what is happening to this facility. Finding the right laws and rights is what needs to happen to make sure the company is not in violation of that patient. Finding the best way to communicate with each patient and their family is most important when it com es to getting the message across professionally without seeming to disregard their personal concerns. There are advantages and disadvantages of using social media, traditional, and electronic communication .Traditional, the oldest of the three some of the many advantages that tradition communication has is that you are person with the person you are communicating with, which is better because you are getting an immediate reply to whatever it is that you are trying to get. There’s a feeling of community because you’re better able to socialize and interact with one another. We quickly build a bond that sets the foundation for trust and ultimately, lasting business relationships. There are so many different issues that have to be considered when communicating with patients and their family members, in this scenario most likely there will need to be some convincing that this is best for the patient/ their loved ones. Displacing them does not have to be a â€Å"bad thing† it all depends on how it is presented to them and their reaction to the initial breaking of the news. It is important that the administrator has found a new facility that offers everything that the patients(s) will need to accommodate them completely. Communication is a part of the process to better the patient’s life and once the patient and/or their family is on board then you pretty much have â€Å"tackled the mountain†. â€Å"Forcing information on people when they are too distraught to understand it or accept it (over informing) may only heighten their stress. Philip Muskin(1998) calls this â€Å"truth dumping† and warns people against it. Health-related Information can be confusing and frightening.† It is best to not provide unnecessary information to the patients and family members, just enough for them to understand completely. (Communication About Health Pg. 196) Being and Administrator means being able to communicate effectively with your patients no matter their mental and health condition and being able to communicate with their family members too. It is important to not â€Å"over-do† anything when communicating because it could cause a reaction you don’t want to deal with. There are different ways of communicating messages and different tones and as an Administrator in this particular scenario it is important to know what tone of communication to use when letting the patients and their family members know what is going on. It is a good idea to know where the patient will be transferred to and to have a brochure and good information on where the patient is going so that maybe the family member and the patients will be comfortable about the big news. References: 1. Journal Article . (2014, Fall). People living with dementia: components of communication, (Pg.1). 2. . (2005). Communicating About Health Current Issues And Perspectives. Retrieved from, HCS/320 Health Care Communication Strategies website.